Susan Guzman · Natalie Bellini · Lucille Hughes · Pasha Javadi ·Camilla Schanche · Maria Muccioli · Lori Berard
Received: December 1, 2025 / Accepted: January 12, 2026
© The Author(s) 2026
Abstract
Introduction: Effective insulin therapy relies on proper injection technique and the correct use of insulin delivery devices. Despite recommendations for a single-use device, the pen needle reuse remains common. This study explored pen needle reuse patterns, reasons for reuse, and motivators to changing reuse behavior, in order to provide actionable insights for clinical education and patient-support interventions.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 500 U.S. adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) who inject insulin at least twice daily using an insulin pen and use insulin pen needles at least twice before replacing.
Results: Results: Approximately 70% of survey participants reported using needles 2–5 times before replacing, and about 30% used them six or more times, with higher reuse among participants with T1D. Despite most participants reporting initial insulin injection education (86.8%), the majority indicated limited followup regarding injection practices. Specifically, 73.6% indicated their injection sites were never examined by a healthcare professional (HCP), 72.8% reported their injection technique had never been reviewed, and 66.2% reported their
HCP had never asked them about injection site problems. The main reported reasons for needle reuse include convenience (64.2%), habit (46.2%), environmental/waste concern (40.8%), and cost (40.6%). The most motivating educational messages for changing reuse include those around A1c improvement and lipohypertroph prevention, with the most trusted sources of information being endocrinologists, followed by primary care physicians (PCP), diabetes educators (known in the U.S. as diabetes care and education specialists), and peers.
Conclusions: Pen needle reuse is widespread and initial education alone is insufficient.
